Abstract: Objective To investigate the effects of erythropoietin（EPO）on mobilization of peripheral endothelial progenitor cells（EPC）and repairment of peritubular capillary in rats with chronic renal failure（CRF）. Methods The rat CRF model was established by a two stage 5/6nephrectomy procedure. Rats were randomly divided into three groups（n=7/group）:sham operation,CRF model only,and CRF model+EPO treatment group. Three weeks after the second stage of nephrectomy,rats in CRF model+EPO treatment group received subcutaneous injection of human recombinant EPO 50U/kg each time and three times a week for 6weeks,then all rats in three groups were sacrificed. EPC were isolated and cultured from peripheral blood. The ability of cell mobilization,proliferation,adhesion and vasculogenesis in vitro was observed. The protein and mRNA expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor（VEGF）in kidney were detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction（RT-PCR）and immunohistochemistry method. Renal interstitium CD31 was examined by immunohistochemistry and the density of peritubular capillarycal was calculated. Results Compared with CRF model group,the ability of cell mobilization,proliferation,adhesion and vasculogenesis was promoted by administration of EPO in treatment groupmobilization:（8.34±0.85）vs（4.63±0.64）cells/HP,proliferation（MTT）:0.49±0.08 vs 0.18±0.04,adhesion:（27.33±5.61）vs（14.83±3.55）cells/HP,vasculogenesis:（18.44±3.75）vs（9.81±2.23）/HP,all P＜0.05. Similarly the density of peritubular capillary in treatment group was increased（P＜0.05）,and the protein and mRNA expression levels of VEGF up-regulated（all P＜0.05）. Conclusion EPO could mobilize peripheral EPC and promote the repairment of peritubular capillary in CRF rat.