Abstract: High altitude hypertension (HAH) is a major cardiovascular maladaptation disease caused by acute and chronic high altitude exposure. The core pathophysiological mechanisms of HAH involve hypoxia-triggered sympathetic excitation, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activation, endothelial dysfunction and fluid retention. HAH, as a special environment-related cardiovascular disease, is significantly different from common hypertension in many aspects, and poses a threat to the cardiovascular health of temporary residents and permanent residents at high altitude. Although some progress has been made in the pathogenesis and clinical intervention of HAH, there is still a lack of systematic, multi-center and large-sample evidence-based medical evidence. Based on the relevant literature and the latest reports, this article reviews the pathogenesis, diagnosis and prevention, clinical intervention, future hotspots and directions of HAH, in order to provide reference for related follow-up research.