Advances in the role of lifestyle on hypertension and its underlying mechanisms

Hypertension remains a major global public health challenge. Lifestyle modification serves as the cornerstone and first-line therapeutic strategy throughout its management. This review systematically synthesizes the current evidence on the regulatory effects of various lifestyle factors on blood pressure and their underlying biological mechanisms. It elucidates that these interventions do not operate in isolation. Instead, they exert synergistic effects by modulating a complex, interconnected physiological network that involves both classical and emerging pathways in hypertension pathophysiology. The primary objective of this review is to provide a consolidated theoretical framework for developing effective, non-pharmacological intervention strategies. By deepening the understanding of these mechanistic foundations, this work aims to reinforce the central role of lifestyle interventions and strengthen their integration with pharmacological treatments, thereby advancing towards more holistic and sustainable blood pressure control.