Expert recommendations on bioimpedance-based non-invasive hemodynamic assessment for hypertension management

Patients with hypertension exhibit substantial hemodynamic heterogeneity. Bioimpedance-based non-invasive hemodynamic assessment can assess cardiac performance, vascular resistance, and circulatory volume status, thereby supporting hemodynamic classification, evaluation of hypertension-mediated organ damage, and individualized antihypertensive therapy. Guided by the PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) framework, the expert panel reviewed available evidence and clinical experience and developed recommendations addressing key parameters, factors affecting measurement, hemodynamic classification, treatment guidance, and future challenges. Standardized use of this technique is recommended in appropriately equipped institutions, with findings interpreted together with blood pressure classification, disease stage, cardiovascular risk, and other clinical information to advance precision management of hypertension.